These are things available within an "Execute Shell Script" action, not for use in "normal" KM actions.
Simplistically -- environment variables are the "preferences" for your shell, things like default user, where to look for things, language settings... KMVAR_ variables are representations of your already-defined KM variables -- if you have a KM action that sets the variable "myVar" you can then access the value in the shell script using $KMVAR_myVar -- which you can read from but not write to in an "Execute Shell Script" action.
If you aren't using shell scripts, you don't need to know about them. If you are then the place to start is the "Execute a Shell Script" action page on the Wiki.